Two major trends have made internet connectivity progress from a network of desktop users to a network of things: the unprecedented expansion of mobile connectivity, anywhere and anytime, and the availability of a myriad of connected, low-power sensors and devices. Tiny sensors, industrial machines, cars, buildings, animals and even human body parts are all part of the IoT.
Efforts so far have predominantly focused on developing connectivity frameworks (communication architectures and protocols ranging from physical layers to semantic interoperability) and improving sensors to make them smaller, rugged, inexpensive and consume less energy.
Making the IoT effective; however, requires more than sensing and communication capabilities. Recent evolutions in artificial intelligence and machine learning are bringing a missing piece to the IoT puzzle, by providing useful and actionable information to manufacturers and users.
ISO/IEC JTC 1, the IEC and ISO Joint Technical Committee on information technology defines the IoT as: An infrastructure of interconnected objects, people, systems and information resources together with intelligent services to allow them to process information of the physical and the virtual world and react.
The IoT is still delivering behind initial expectations. One reason for this is the absence of widely adopted international standards. As observed by Forrester in one of their TechRadar reports, “IoT technologies are diverse and immature”, many of them being timid evolutions of legacy or proprietary technologies. They add: “Standards are nascent, as vendors are only a couple of years into the process of creating general-purpose interoperability standards. And IoT security technologies are still in the creation phase, with no established products.”
While international standards are no substitute for a dynamic, innovative and competitive marketplace, they can support the IoT marketplace in several different ways, such as:
The international standardization system is the place where these issues can be discussed and agreed upon in a neutral and consensus-based manner.
Even before IoT became a widely known and used term, ISO/IEC JTC 1 and its subcommittees, were developing International Standards which have addressed several parts of the overall IoT landscape, for example, communication protocols, systems engineering, interconnection equipment, IT security, cloud computing and distributed platforms, and Big Data.
More recently, a subcommittee for IoT and related technologies was set up to regroup existing ISO/IEC JTC 1 standardization activities in this area, using a systems integration approach. Its work will comprise sensor networks and IoT, and it will develop new International Standards, which aim to provide the missing pieces of the IoT puzzle.
These work-in-progress Standards include defining a common IoT vocabulary (ISO/IEC 20924), specifying an IoT Reference Architecture (ISO/IEC 30141), as well as devising an interoperability framework to support seamless communication between various IoT entities (ISO/IEC 21823). A report on IoT use cases (ISO/IEC TR 22417) will also be published to inform the marketplace on existing IoT success stories and emerging deployments.
Many more activities are under way and planned within the newly created IoT subcommittee, with the ultimate goal of providing the marketplace with a consistent, relevant and future-proof set of IoT Standards that will facilitate the advent of the “all connected things” paradigm. Cooperation with other organizations, including industry consortia, has been part of the committee’s charter from the onset, to help address the fragmentation issue. Its deliverables will not only benefit manufacturers of IoT solutions, but also other application-focused standardization committees that are willing to incorporate IoT capabilities into their standards.
Several research organizations have attempted to define significant market opportunities for the IoT. While estimated size and volumes may vary, all concur on the point that the effects on markets are projected to be huge – by 2020 there will be 50 billion connected objects representing a USD 19 trillion opportunity according to Cisco; there will be 12 billion machine-to-machine connections according to Machina Research; while Gartner believes that more than half of new business processes and systems will incorporate some IoT elements.
Rather than leading to abrupt disruptions in existing businesses and processes, the IoT is developing in a continuous and steady way, affecting a broad number of technology sectors. These range from automated homes and buildings, medical wearables, to intelligent transportation and industrial manufacturing.
Although forecasters and investors have tried hard to identify “killer apps”, market outlooks remain difficult to converge given the broad variety of opinions. Several market observers even note that this lack remains a significant hurdle for rapid market development. A recent survey conducted by the World Economic Forum (WEF) provides an insightful perspective into which applications could help drive the IoT to maturity. In this study, 800 leaders were polled on 21 tipping points (i.e. moments when specific technological shifts hit mainstream society) expected to be enabled by 2025. It reveals that by that date:
A large number of the executives surveyed believe the IoT will be driven by myriads of connected sensors, home appliances and wearable devices. Several IEC technical committees are working on these topics, including for household appliances and for wearable smart devices.
More industries around the world, from advertising, agriculture, broadcasting and construction, to health, mining and tourism, are embracing the IoT. Increasingly, this smart technology is becoming part of daily life, and steady progress continues to be made as new connected devices are rapidly brought to consumers.
While the transition from closed, legacy systems towards open, interoperable ecosystems has not yet happened, International Standards are being developed to help consolidate the marketplace, harmonize systems and allow for interoperability, in order to reduce the fragmentation into numerous incompatible technologies.
Given the importance of the IoT, IEC, through its Joint Committee for information technology, has taken new steps to address remaining challenges with the creation of its new subcommittee for IoT and related technologies. Building on its successful track record (ISO/IEC JTC 1) of developing widely used International Standards (JPEG, MPEG) and working collaboratively with other organizations, this new subcommittee is well positioned to help the IoT fulfil its initial promises and deliver on its ambitious expectations.